Color Square

<<

  closed (9 cells, a square)

  half open (15 cells, not a square)

  fully open (25 cells, a square)

Theory of Wakefulness
When light strikes square 5 in the eyes or regulated by the biological clock, the reticular activating system (RAS) is activated resulting a state of wakefulness called consciousness.

# of hours for sleep per day = 9-1
# of hours in a day = 25-1

Sympathetic (Self-regulating) Nervous System
The reticular formation (Americans Moruzzi and Magoun, 1949) is mainly located in the medulla oblongata (the crossroads) which regulates the following three groups of organs.

Upper Group
1.  eyes (visual purple in retina); parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
2.  heart (red blood)
3.  lungs

Middle Group
1.  stomach
2.  liver
3.  gall bladder (yellowish bile)
4.  pancreas
5.  spleen
6.  small intestine
7.  kidneys

Lower Group
1.  urinary bladder (yellow urine), uterus (red menses), and genital organs
2.  large intestine (brown stool)

Color Blindness
1. red-green color blindness (sex-linked)
2. blue-yellow color blindness (not sex-linked)

The Compound Eye of an Insect
Made up of several hundred ommatidia

Each ommatidium consist of
l   a lens
c  a transparent crystalline cone
v  8 light-senstive visual cells
p  8 pigment cells, and

one central cell